语言学胡壮麟第三版第三章笔记

语言学教程胡壮麟第三版第三章笔记

Chapter 3 Lexicon

ⅠWhat is word?

1. 3 senses of word

1) a physically definable unit

Word may be seen as a set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks.

2) word both as a general term and as a specific term

Word may be used both as a general term (then boy and boys are just one word) and as a specific items (boy and boys are two words).

3) a grammatical unit

The work rank is located between morpheme and word group.

2. Identification of words

1) Stability

Words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structure.

2) relative uninterruptibility

New elements should not be inserted into a word, even when there are several parts in a word.

3) a minimum free form

Word is the smallest unit that can be used by itself.

3. Classification of wods

1) Variable and invariable words

Variable words may have inflective changes. The same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.

Invariable words refer to those words that do not have inflective endings.

2) grammatical words and lexical words

Those which mainly work for constructing group are grammatical words, such as, conj., prep., art., and pron., are grammatical words also known as function words.

Those which mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as n., v., adj. and adv., are lexical words, also known as content words.

3) closed-class words and open-class words

The closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited, such as pron., prep., conj., art., and others.

The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as n., v., adj., and many adv..

4) word class: particle, auxiliaries, pro-form, determiners

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