carbon-14_in_terrestrial_and_aquatic_environment_of_ignalina_nuclear_power_plant__sources_of_product

C-14专题资料

Carbon-14 in Terrestrial and Aquatic

Environment of Ignalina Nuclear Power

Plant: Sources of Production, Releases and Dose Estimates

Nature Research Centre

Vilnius University

Lithuania

Jonas Mazeika

1. Introduction

The development history of nuclear power in world already has over passed the limit of 50 years. This time span was sufficiently long for many nuclear reactors to complete their operation stage and to enter the decommissioning stage. The Ignalina NPP (INPP), Lithuania, is one of them. Its operation history only lasted for 26 years for different reasons but mainly the political ones. The INPP consists of two RBMK-1500 reactor units, Unit 1 and Unit 2 (Almenas et al., 1998). The ‘‘1500’’ refers to the designed electrical power in units of MW. Its designed thermal rating is 4800 MW. The nominal thermal power is 4250 MW, and the nominal electrical power is 1300 MW. The RBMK is a graphite-moderated boiling water channel-type reactor with the principle of electricity generation the same as for boiling water reactors (BWRs).

The Ignalina NPP is located in the north-eastern part of Lithuania near the borders of Belarus and Latvia (Fig. 1). The NPP uses the Lake Druksiai as a natural reservoir for cooling water. The surface area and volume of the lake are 4.9×107 m2 and 3.7×108 m3, respectively. The maximum depth is 33 m, while the average depth is 7.6 m. The Lake Druksiai is a flow-through lake with six small creeks flowing in and one river, with a water regulation dam, flowing out.

The two reactor units, Unit 1 and Unit 2, were put into operation in December 1983 and August 1987, respectively. As a part of the obligations of the European Union Accession Treaty, Lithuania was required to shut down Units 1 and 2 of the INPP and to decommission them as soon as possible. Unit 1 was shut down on December 31, 2004 and Unit 2 on December 31, 2009. During the 26 years of operation, the INPP has produced 307.9 billion kWh of electricity: Unit 1 – 136.9 billion kWh and Unit 2 – 170.2 billion kWh. The total amount of electricity sold is 279.8 billion kWh (doc.docsou.com). The INPP operational history and the routine radiation in environment monitoring data evidenced that INPP was operated safely and helpfully for the society.

第1页下一页